11.28.2009

The Great Adventure: Part I Preparations

In a week I will depart on perhaps the greatest adventure of my time in the Amazon Rainforest. A crew of six is gearing up for a two-week dugout canoe trip deep into the jungle and back. Two Ndjuka friends of ours will bring us and three dugout canoes to an Amerindian village called Apetina. From there we will canoe over sixty-five miles without a guide through almost entirely uninhabited jungle and deadly rapids back home to Diitabiki. We will bring very little food with us, for piranha and peacock bass will be our fare. Tents are unnecessary; we will build frames covered by tarps for our hammocks every night, clearing our own campsites from the forest. Our Ndjuka friends believe us to be insane, which may be true, but our thirst for adventure knows no bounds.

Charles Shriley, an American IMB missionary who lives across the river from Diitabiki has organized the event. Two short-term missionaries in Charles’ organization, Ryan Rindels, who rode with me in the Endurance, and Taylor Ivester, who rode with Charles will come as well. Ted Jantz, a media professional who grew up among the Amerindians in the south, and his son Raphael, who also was raised in Suriname, completes our team of six Americans. All of us have experience living in the bush and are proficient in the local language. Where we are going, however, we are unlikely to see many people.

Charles and Taylor have improved their canoe by adding backrests for their seats and racks for fishing rods and coolah sticks, which are used for poling through rapids. They will be laughed at, and the rest of us will hide the inevitable soreness of our backs on the second week of the trip. The Endurance, however, is not to be outdone. She will be cleaned, sanded, and re-varnished, and her slow leak in the bow will be stopped.

To prepare for the challenges of the trip, I have been taking the Endurance to the swift waters downriver and teaching myself to pole down…and up rapids, standing up of course. As you can imagine, standing in dugout canoe is like balancing on a floating log. The rapids steadily are being conquered, but it is good to practice far away, so stories of spectacular tumbles will be limited. When I referred to the excursion as a “camping trip,” Charles admonished me, “this is no camping trip; this is an adventure.”

11.19.2009

Scrambling for Mangos

Mango season can be frightening when one lives under a mango tree. In the still of night, dozing to the hum of cicadas and chirps of vampire bats, a crash from a falling mango landing on my tin roof can make me wide awake instantly. Flashlights and hushed voices of children at five in the morning wake me up again as the harvesters gleam the precious fruit from around my house.

Early in the season, when bunches of green mangos tempt the hungry, one must make an effort to find ripe fruit. When a ripe mango falls during the day, all work or conversation instantly stops and everyone scrambles for the prize as in a game of spoons. The victor holds the fruit aloft as the other walk sulkily away.

Mango season provided an opportunity to explain basic business economics in my radio show. With scarce resources, those who have a greater desire for mangoes must make a greater effort to obtain them. This (partially) is why prices are higher when there are fewer goods than the people who want them. Too many mangoes, however, will result in ripe fruit sitting uneaten under the tree, for when there is too much of a good, people will no longer pay enough to meet a seller’s costs, and eventually would not take any more even if it were offered for free. This ties into the law of diminishing returns, or as I explain on the air, “the fifth mango does not taste as good as the first.” This in turn leads into marginal analysis, or finding out exactly how many mangoes people want to buy before it is no longer profitable to sell mangoes. Sometimes people save mangoes for another day, because they know that the first mango they eat each day tastes the best. This is called delayed gratification.

Economics is human action. Any economic concept that does not describe what people do is mere mathematics. For this reason, any economic idea, despite complicated technical names, can be explained in any language to anyone, no matter where they live. In my radio show, specialization of labor occurred when two boys each had to decide whether they would hunt for tapir or fish for kumalu. A woman’s reluctance to by assai because she did not have qwak to eat it with showed that assai and qwak are complementary goods, they go together. In languages without extensive vocabulary, complex ideas may take a little time to explain, but it definitely can be done. Now it’s time for a mango.

11.09.2009

Mahka!

I have had two thorns in my left hand for over a month now. Swimming through the dark river, I suddenly met with a spiny mahka frond. Fortunately I was able to dig most of the thorns out of my skin, but a few have remained. Mahka thorns are so sharp that they can pierce heavy rubber boot soles, yet so brittle that they tend to break into tiny pieces when one tries to extract them. After burning the fallen brush so that planting can begin, mahka are one of the first plants to begin growing again.

Mahka (literally, “thorn”) palms are the toughest trees in the Amazon. Thorns up to nine inches long cover their trunks, frond stalks, and even each individual leaf. Wasps love mahka palms because, they assume that no one disturbs a nest in a thorn tree. Clearing planning grounds with my friends, I have been stung several times by angry insects protesting the destruction of their thorny home.

When cutting a swath of forest to plant, cutting down mahka palms takes the most time. Dispatching a young stand of mahka requires holding each stalk with a forked stick to direct its fall as you chop it with a machete. Mature palms require a chainsaw, which can send fragments of thorns flying if the tree is not prepared correctly. Even then, the tough trunk of the mahka tree can ruin the chainsaw. Oh, and when a mahka tree falls, stand out of the way.

10.21.2009

Jungle Camping

Diitabiki lies in the center of an archipelago known as Lon Wataa. Many of these islands have small villages, forming a greater Diitabiki community. Beyond Kisai, the last village of the archipelago, the Tapanahony River opens into a grand vista, the distant forest on the banks of either side appearing as a small green band between the twin expanses of air and water. This broad portion, Doo Wataa, seems more a long, bending lake, or a chain of lochs, rather than a river. The river winds around a few islands, curving gradually to the south and eventually narrowing at the village of Godolo, where up until last week I had never been beyond.

In October some friends and I took an excursion to Gaanboli, the farthest Ndjuka village, to retrieve a dugout canoe in its initial stages of construction. As I had never been past Godolo, I asked my friend Heni, rather than being invited to go on the trip. Beyond Godolo, the Tapanahony spreads into a series of taciturn streams and challenging rapids that proved particularly tricky, as the water stood unusually low, even for the dry season. After about an hour of careful navigation, the river opened up again. At one point, our pilot suddenly yelled, “Get my gun!” then, “cartridges, cartridges!” for a deer had come to drink at the riverbank. Simultaneously running the boat to shore and loading his gun, the pilot expressed distress at not having the cartridges in hand earlier. He and Heni plunged into the jungle, but the fortunate animal had disappeared.

Further on, beyond a bend, a mining town known as Pashtone rested at the base of a high hill. The settlement was exactly as a mining town should be expected: filthy, with sheds and small, but necessarily profitable shops scattered recklessly across the mud. We met with some friends of surprisingly unshady character and proceeded, in force, to the job.

Heni had found a suitable tree about a quarter mile into the jungle. Fortunately, he had cut a wide path and placed lengths of saplings, cut into rollers, so we could pull the new canoe to the river right away. Of course, we needed a rope first, so Kiikiman, the youngest of our crew, climbed a tree and cut a strong vine with a machete. The boat, so to speak, was at this point a large shell of a trunk. We tied the vine to the canoe, and the twelve or so of us heaved the fallen tree across the rollers to the river, stopping many times, often to cut the path wider or haul the boat over a large trunk. When we reached the river, we plunged it into the water, bailed, and tied the canoe to the shore to pick up the next day. The eight of us that had started out together, then continued to the campsite.

Ba Heni’s camp lies at a scenic bend in the river, just before an imposing rapid that guards the site of Gaanboli. A large flat rock with a few lagoons and sandbars was exposed at low water. Before climbing up to the camp, Heni’s son Mootie, Kiikiman, and I swam out to set fishing nets to catch our dinner and the next day’s breakfast. For the Ndjuka, meat tastes good around the clock.

By the time we had set the nets and tied up our hammocks, evening was approaching. We talked on the flat stones at the base of the camp, then cooked a late dinner, telling old hunting stories before falling asleep under the stars.

In the morning, we checked the nets again and found a large variety of fish. Piranha, a crab, pataka, waa-waa, a-gaan-koi, and dede-sama-con-dja (“dead people come here” is a type of fish) found their way into our snares. We cleaned the fish with machetes, cutting them in pieces Ndjuka style, rather than filleting them, and cooked a delicious mid-morning meal.

Before we set out, a young man from Gaanboli hailed us. The village’s short wave radio was not working correctly, and several of us took the short ride upriver to see if we could repair it. Heni and I tried changing a few settings, but it became clear that transmitter, which we could not fix, was the problem, so we began our journey home.

Since we had to tow the new boat, returning downriver took longer than coming up. When we met rapids, we unhitched the canoes and a couple of us would pole the new boat down. Not yet proficient in the art of poling, I rode in the new canoe while others directed the boat down the river. After carving out the trunk of a tree, the Ndjuka fire the wood upside-down, slowly stretching it with the heat over many days. This widens the boat and adds significant stability, as I discovered while riding in the unfinished canoe.

At one point on the return journey, the pilot, now equipped with cartages and balancing on the moving canoe, shot a kon-koni, a large, short-eared bush rabbit, and we carried our prey in the new boat.

As we approached Doo Wataa, the widest part of the river, we saw a huge cumulonimbus cloud gathering force and spreading a dark shadow over the course ahead. The cloud had forgotten that it was the dry season, and we had forgotten rain jackets. We plunged into a white curtain of water and discovered that rain jackets would not have made much difference. The rain flew hard in our faces and was indistinguishable from the spray of the turbulent water. Looking ahead was impossible, but on looking behind us I saw four-foot high waves, the largest I have yet seen on a river. The waves slammed into us head on, drenching those of us in the front and filling the canoes. We started bailing the boat with a five-gallon bucket as quickly as we could, switching off ever so often and barely keeping up with the waves. After about twenty minutes of fighting the storm, we anchored the new canoe on the shore to save both craft from sinking.

By the time we reached Lon Wataa, the storm had depleted itself. A small boat, carrying two large, bumbling men and too many barrels of oil passed in the opposite direction. A much shorter, dreadlocked pilot in a manner befitting the optimum of pirates, cursed the “incompetent dogs” who wearily greeted us as they attempted to pole the craft over rocks. The difference in temperature after the storm was remarkable, for while the air felt frigid, relatively, the river seemed nearly too hot to touch. When we finally reached Diitabiki Island, the warm water and a hot drink made the perfect ending to our adventure.

10.12.2009

October the Tenth

The independence of the Ndjuka nation precedes that of Suriname. As a conglomeration of escaped slaves from West and Central Africa, the Ndjuka united to fight a war that decimated the punitive forces of naïve European adventurers who had greedily believed legends of El Dorado. The defeated Dutch grudgingly accepted the fait accompli of Ndjuka freedom in 1760, over a hundred years before the end of slavery in Dutch colonies, and over two hundred years before they gave up their Guiana possession completely.

It was ordained that I was to live in Diitabiki. The Ndjuka national holiday, the day they officially won their freedom from their Dutch slave masters, is my birthday. A series of competitions, a cooking extravaganza, and speeches by national leaders on the history of the Ndjuka people, made for quite a celebration. Women wore colorful embroidered skirts called pangies, and a friend lent me a traditional cross-stitch cloth to hang over my shoulder. People from the entire river, including Amerindians, came to celebrate. A six-on-six soccer tournament was the highlight of the event for many. The island brought in a shipment of government oil for the electricity generators for the occasion, and for a few weeks afterward, the lanterns were put away and the reggae reverberated throughout the village.

Great entertainment was had and exaggerated stories told for weeks when Diitabiki’s Peace Corps volunteer fell behind significantly in the canoe race. Losing was a given, for the Ndjuka seem to learn to paddle before they can walk, but to participate in the name of freedom, was well worth getting laughed at in light of Ndjuka canoeing proficiency.